Switch-Mode Success   Water & Wastes Digest May 2008   By Mel Berman
Advances in power supplies for automated electrochemical mini-plants
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A Landmark Improvement Project   Water & Wastes Digest May 2008   By Rebecca Wilhelm
The city of San Diego takes a phased approach to improving its historic Alvarado Water Treatment Plant
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Opting for Ozone   Water & Wastes Digest May 2008   By Clifford Seth Lebowitz
A Kansas city addresses taste and odor problems with a primary disinfection ozone system
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Ozone Process Optimization   Water & Wastes Digest December 2007   By Paul Overbeck
New applications and improvements are emerging for ozone technology

Using UV for dechlorination   Water & Wastes Digest November 2007   By Jon McClean
UV proves to be an effective dechlorination technique without drawbacks

Going Multi-Barrier   Water & Wastes Digest October 2007   By Daniel L. Willers, P.E.
Combining two-stage clarification, media filtration and UV disinfection to improve treatment plant performance

Recycling & Reusing   Water & Wastes Digest September 2007   By Paul Schuler
The U.S. Army and Aqua Engineers team up to establish an award-winning wastewater reuse system on a Hawaiian Army base
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Georgia On My Mind   Water & Wastes Digest July 2007   By Tim Gregorski
The Tussahaw Reservoir and Water Treatment Facility opens to serve a fast growing community and a drought-stricken state
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Emerging Trends in UV Disinfection   Water & Wastes Digest May 2007   By Jon McClean
Stage is set for dramatic growth in the drinking water market, especially if new technologies can bring increased efficiency and lower cost

National Implications of the DC WASA Lead Experience   Water & Wastes Digest October 2006   By Gregg Kirmeyer, Rich Giani, Steve Reiber
Examining the experiences, research and improved understanding of lead corrosion processes

Drinking Water Regulatory Update   Water & Wastes Digest September 2006   By Jessica Moorman
Understanding the LT2 rule and Stage 2 DBP rule

A Viable Option for Water Utilities   Water & Wastes Digest May 2006   By Bill Fehrman
Chloramination of drinking water increases as pressure feed systems offer new advantages

Top Hats Prove Effective   Water & Wastes Digest November 2005   Andrew Barr, P.E.
Plant maintains production during UV installation with innovative construction tie-in detail

Trends in Drinking Water Treatment   Water & Wastes Digest November 2005   By Philip J. Brandhuber, Ph.D.
Needs spur the development of new water treatment technologies that may be more effective, less costly

Set it & Forget it   Water & Wastes Digest August 2005   By Bob Elliott
Keeping the environment clean is a top priority for the authority. Wastewater is processed biologically, with none of the chemicals that are typically used, and achieves complete nitrogen removal. Specifically, the process removes CBOD, suspended solids, ammonia as nitrogen, nitrates, nitrites and phosphorus.

Time Saved Testing Pays Off   Water & Wastes Digest May 2005   By Adam Potter
Many wastewater plants are switching from fecal coliforms to monitoring for E. coli and Enterococcus, because the EPA has identified these bacteria as the best indicators of fecal contamination in water.

Measuring Chlorine Disinfection   Water & Wastes Digest December 2004   By Frank Kaiser and Bill Fehrman
This disinfectant is used by more than 90% of the drinking water plants in the U.S., and more than 200 million Americans and Canadians receive chlorine-disinfected drinking water every day.

Bacterial Control with Ozone   Water Quality Products July 2003   W. Craig Meyer and Partev B. Sarkissian, Pierce College
In the April 2001 issue of Water Quality Products,associates of TCET presented a new method using ozone to treat cooling tower water. Cooling Treatment Systems, Inc. (CTS) of Englewood, Colo., has adapted this method to produce a water treatment system it now is marketing for cooling towers. CTS submitted this new technology to TCET for testing. The results of these tests are presented here.
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Brominated Resins   Water Quality Products July 2003   Ken Korslin, CWS-III, Pentair Water Treatment, Plymouth Products Division
In 1957 The Dow Chemical Corp. addressed the negatives of using bromine by creating a brominated ion exchange resin, which opened up the use of bromine in offshore water treatment applications.2 Today, polybromide resin is used in many offshore water treatment systems. The fact that bromine can be added to water that previously has been chlorinated makes polybromide resin a practical solution to accommodate the multiple sources of water in offshore applications.
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The O-Zone: Today's Lesson: Ozonation of Cooling Towers   Water Quality Products June 2003   Roger Nathanson
The objective of ozone use with cooling towers is to maintain the highest purity of water with the least amount of water waste and chemical use. Chemical use in cooling towers leads to ever-increasing total dissolved solids (TDS), which must be reduced by eliminating water (blow down/bleed off) and then refilling with raw/lower TDS water. This is a vicious circle that will never end unless one of the TDS-increasing culprits (a.k.a. chemicals) is eliminated or reduced.
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Ozone Treatment for Residential Well Water   Water Quality Products June 2003   Myrle Melligan, Triple O Systems, Inc.
Your customers not only are expecting to have enough water supplied from their water source, but they also demand that it is of superior quality. Ozone's technology coupled with such treatment as filters or softeners can fulfill this expectation. Ozone does not need to be complicated in order to treat small water systems.
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Chlorine Residual Boosting in Distribution Water: Problems with Chlorine Application and Disinfection Byproducts - Part 2   Water Engineering & Management May 2003   Shin-ichi Tokuno
Part one of this article covered breakpoint chlorination and discussed the stability of chlorine, chloramine and Cl:NH3 after chlorination.
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Nonchemical Alternatives to Cooling Tower Disinfection   Water Quality Products April 2003   Jeff Roseman, CWS-I, Aqua Ion Plus+ Technologies
By explaining some tips and tricks, maybe more water treatment dealers can understand these technologies and use them in their arsenal of treatment methods. Filtration, ozonation, copper ionization and UV light may not be an option on some water supplies or applications, but their usefulness and alternatives to chemical dosing should be considered as an option.
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The O-Zone: Today's Lesson: Design Parameters for Using Ozone on Swimming Pools   Water Quality Products April 2003   Roger Nathanson
Ozone systems can make a good pool pristine and a bad pool fair to good. What differentiates a good from a bad pool? Design, care and organic load.
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Chlorination: The Love/Hate Relationship   Water Engineering & Management April 2003   Bill Swichtenberg
Disinfection with chlorine is very popular in water and wastewater treatment because of its low cost, ability to form a residual and its effectiveness at small doses. However, some organisms that cause disease are resistant to chlorine treatment. Many utilities now are using multi-barrier approaches to disinfection.
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Chlorine Residual Boosting in Distribution Water: Problems with Chlorine Application and Disinfection Byproducts - Part 1   Water Engineering & Management April 2003   Shin-ichi Tokuno
Previous research on the boosting of chlorine residual1 included how to increase low levels of chlorine disinfectants (free and combined chlorine) in the distribution system. Simple bench tests using a pocket photometer showed that there are no problems in boosting the low level of chlorine residual when boosting the same disinfectant to the water (e.g., free chlorine to free chlorine, or chloramine to chloramine). In the boosted chlorine residual, there is no significant instability in decay or dissipation during the time needed (72 hours) after boosting for the small utility distributors.

The O-Zone: Today's Lesson: Ozone Installation   Water Quality Products February 2003   Roger Nathanson
The installation of ozone equipment on well applications utilizes the same principles and techniques as chlorinators, air injection and softener systems. There are only minor variations in sequence, parts and details.
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Municipalities Tap into Benefits of EDR Water Treatment   Water Engineering & Management February 2003
No one wants to drink radium, nitrates or arsenic. However, if not for some technologically advanced methods of removing these contaminants, we all might be sipping on some very unhealthy water.
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Disinfection, Part 1: Developments in Ultraviolet Disinfection   Water Quality Products January 2003   Bruce Laing, Trojan Technologies, Inc.
One of the fastest growing technologies in the water treatment industry is ultraviolet (UV) disinfection. UV disinfection adds no chemicals, and it does not produce byproducts. Additional benefits include easy installation, low maintenance, minimal space requirements and whole-house (point-of-entry) treatment.
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Disinfection Part 2: Is Chlorine Still the Answer?   Water Quality Products January 2003   Joanne Funyak, PPG Industries
Alternatives to the use of chlorine have received increased interest since concerns over the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) have emerged. However, most of these alternatives (i.e., chloramine, chlorine dioxide and ozone) also produce DBPs. Chlorine still is the most common drinking water disinfectant used today and the one we have the most information about. On balance, the health risks of not chlorinating water appear to be greater than risks associated with DBPs.
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The O-Zone: Back to Basics   Water Quality Products November 2002   Roger Nathanson
This article will cover the basics of ozone and the ozone unit.
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Ultraviolet Disinfection of Drinking Water: A Growing Trend   Water Engineering & Management November 2002   Richard G. Protasowicki, P.E.
The use of ultraviolet (UV) light for the treatment of drinking water is becoming more acceptable by both the public and regulatory agencies as an alternative disinfectant. Water suppliers that are developing new water treatment facilities or modifying existing ones now commonly investigate this technology to determine its applicability to their treatment processes.
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Situation Normal During a UV Disinfection Retrofit   Water Engineering & Management November 2002   Brian M. Balchunas, P.E., and Lawrence H. Hentz, P.E., D.E.E.
At the Patuxent Water Reclamation Facility in Anne Arundel County, Md., a carefully considered construction sequence will keep the facility in operation during its retrofit from chlorine to UV disinfection. Construction started in June 2002 and is expected to be complete by summer 2003.
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Evaluation of a Chlorine Dioxide Secondary Disinfection System   Water Engineering & Management November 2002   Frank P. Sidari III and Jeanne VanBriesen, Ph.D.
Chlorine dioxide is not a new technology for public drinking water facilities or pulp and paper producers, but its use as a secondary treatment system for small-scale applications is new. Beyond the chemistry and microbiology, potential small-scale operators want answers to a few simple questions: Should I use it? How does it work? What extra work is it going to make for me?
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Impact of Mixing Chlorine and Chlorine Dioxide on Total Trihalomethane Formation - Part 2   Water Engineering & Management September 2002   Douglas Rittmann, Ph.D., P.E.
Part 1 described the search for more potent disinfection technologies and began the discussion of the laboratory studies.
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Impact of Mixing Chlorine and Chlorine Dioxide on Total Trihalomethane Formation - Part 1   Water Engineering & Management August 2002   Douglas Rittmann, Ph.D., P.E., and Anthony Tarquin, Ph.D., P.E.
Two rules in 1986 amendments to the Safe Drinking Water Act are challenging many water utilities to meet stricter water quality requirements. The Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR)2 and the Disinfection?Disinfection By-Products (D-DBP) Rule3, are requiring utilities to implement more advanced technologies in water treatment. The Surface Water Treatment Rule emphasizes the need for utilities to meet minimum levels of disinfection for surface waters, whereas the Disinfection/Disinfection By-Products Rule limits the disinfectant byproducts. Therefore, utilities will have to implement a treatment approach that balances the benefits of disinfection against disinfection byproducts.
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Developments in Ozone Technology   Water Quality Products July 2002   Rip G. Rice, Ph.D., RICE International Consulting Enterprises
Ozone technology developments have opened new applications for these established water treatment technologies. Driving these changes has been the identification of new, more disinfection-resistant microorganisms such as Giardia and Cryptosporidium cysts and governmental regulations designed to protect the public health from the hazards of ingestion of these microorganisms. Additionally, the desire to prevent or minimize the formation of halogenated disinfection byproducts formed during chlorination has stimulated new interest in the use of ozone. Combinations of ozone with hydrogen peroxide and/or ultraviolet (UV) radiation can destroy many contaminants present in ground water.
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Ultraviolet Dechlorination Technology   Water Quality Products July 2002   Aquionics
At the Procter & Gamble manufacturing plant in Greensboro, N.C., an Aquionics ultraviolet (UV) dechlorination unit was installed before two banks of reverse osmosis (RO) membranes. Trials that ran soon after the UV system’s installation showed a dramatic reduction in the RO membrane wash frequency—down from an average of eight cleanings per month to only two per month.
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The Practical Use of Ozone for the Well Water Application   Water Quality Products July 2002   Roger Nathanson, Ozone Pure Water, Inc.
We?ll discuss the well ozone water treatment application. Each application is a potential business in itself, which means greater revenue and profit. All that is necessary from you is the motivation to boldly go where you have not gone before.
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River Contaminates Town’s Water Supply When State Leaves It to Beavers   Water Engineering & Management July 2002   Louis Manring
For nearly 70 years, the public water system in the Town of Sterling, Massachusetts operated without incident, delivering clean water to more than 2,000 homes. Because the water from the town’s well field was clean and free of contamination, there was no need for a permanent disinfection system. That all changed in September 1999 when a storm caused by Hurricane Floyd and the state’s increasing beaver population combined to cause bacterial contamination in the town’s water supply.
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Measuring Ammonia with Online Analyzers   Water Engineering & Management July 2002   Tony Palmer, Maureen Ross, P.E. and Stephen G. Nutt, P.E.
Treatment facilities use online ammonia analyzers to monitor and control treatment processes. Controlling ammonia levels can make treatment processes more reliable and cost effective. Currently, there are three major types of online ammonia analyzer technologies available to measure ammonia concentration in a treatment process stream.
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Automated Chlorine Control Brings Precision to Water Reclamation Operation   Water Engineering & Management May 2002   By Steve Kobler
Using reclaimed water for non-potable purposes as a means of conserving potable water supplies is the most prevalent method of water reuse in the United States today. One of the significant challenges for water reclamation facilities is to keep up with the demands for safe, compliant chlorine (Cl2) treatment. One utility that is effectively meeting this challenge is Southern California’s Otay Water District.

Ultraviolet for Disinfection   Water Quality Products April 2002   Tom Schaefer, Aquionics
Historically, industry has relied on hazardous chemicals such as chlorine and expensive processes such as pasteurization to rid its water supplies of pathogens. Currently, though, the use of ultraviolet (UV) light, the same as the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum of sunlight responsible for killing microorganisms, is providing a safe, reliable and highly effective method of getting the job done.
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Chlorination and Its Alternatives   Water Quality Products March 2002   By Anne Penkal and Nadia Abboud, Severn Trent Services, Inc.
Purification of drinking water containing microbiological contamination requires some form of disinfection treatment to kill or render microbiological organisms harmless. Of the available disinfection treatment methods for private water systems, chlorination in the most commonly used.

Metering Pump Technology   Water Quality Products March 2002   By Steven Ebersohl, Pulsafeeder, Inc.
Since the introduction of the metering pump, chemical feed for disinfection has been a primary application. As we move into the 21st Century, it again is time to review how we introduce chemicals such as sodium hypochlorite into our water systems. While the goal remains the same, changes in pump technology have been created to provide more accurate and consistent results. This article will discuss current metering pump technologies, proper pump sizing, installation and future enhancements.

Chlorine Residual Boosting in Distribution Water   Water Engineering & Management January 2002   Shin-ichi Tokuno
When it comes to the methods to increase, or boost, the low level of disinfectant in distribution water, information is scarce
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Water and Air UV Treatment   Water Quality Products November 2001   By Bak Srikanth, Aquafine Corp., and David Witham, UltraViolet Devices, Inc.
UV is an accepted and rapidly growing technology for treating wastewater in the United States. In Europe, it commonly is used as a primary disinfectant in municipal drinking water systems. Other applications include food and beverage, pharmaceutical, semiconductor and power generation. This article will discuss three other commercially successful and growing applications.
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Coping with Resistance to Copper/Silver Disinfection   Water Engineering & Management November 2001   By W. Craig Meyer
Numerous facilities have invested in copper/silver disinfection systems to address the limits of traditional water treatment methods. It seems likely that, as bacterial populations develop resistance, many of these systems will become less effective through time.
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Advanced Treatment for Groundwater: Treating Low-Quality Groundwater for Municipal Use   Water Engineering & Management November 2001   By Ralph Gelvin, P.E., and Don Novak, P.E.
Groundwater sources that can be used for drinking water purposes are requiring increasing degrees of treatment to meet the requirements of both the regulating agencies and the consumer.
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Products In Action   Water & Wastes Digest November 2001
Microfiltration, Nanofiltration Help Meet EPA Standards at Lake Mead

Testing Bottled Water   Water Quality Products September 2001   Barbara L. Marteney and Kristin Safran, National Testing Laboratories
One of the most important (and sometimes the most complex) area of the bottled water business is compliance with federal, state and industry regulations. As the EPA continues to evaluate contaminants in drinking water for regulation under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA), the FDA must review these regulations for their suitability for bottled water.
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High-tech: Samplers   Water & Wastes Digest September 2001   Hach Company
New Analyzer Offers Continuous Measurement, Dual Stream Sample

Upgrading Well Water Disinfection Systems   Water Engineering & Management August 2001   Randy Walsh
Disinfection systems treat one city's groundwater supply, allowing the city's aquifers to meet EPA and local water quality regulations.
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Evaluation of the Use of Crushed Recycled Glass as a Filter Medium: Part 2   Water Engineering & Management August 2001   Richard W. Elliott, P.E.
Performance studies show that crushed recycled glass can provide capital and annual cost savings over traditional sand filter media.
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Commercial, Industrial Ultraviolet Systems   Water Quality Products June 2001   Adam Donnellan
In past articles, we discussed the benefits of ultraviolet (UV) disinfection as well as the many available options. In this article, we will focus on the available technologies and provide an overview of how these technologies are being applied in commercial and industrial applications.
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Choosing the Right Disinfection Technology for a Municipal Drinking Water Plant - Part 2   Water Engineering & Management January 2001   Dr. Hubert Fleming and Wayne Huebner
These profiles of various disinfection processes can help managers decide which process is best suited for their treatment plant.
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Comparison of Ultraviolet Pilot Trial with Full-Scale Operation   Water Engineering & Management January 2001   Ken Hartz, Ph.D., P.E. and Jeff Griffith
This article offers a method for comparing the results of a UV pilot system with a full-scale UV system.
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Ultraviolet Disinfection of Pathogens in Drinking Water: Inactivating Genetic Material in Path ogenic Protozoa, Bacteria and Viruses   Water Quality Products November 2000   Gail Sakamoto
The groundbreaking research since 1998, by various groups in North America has shown that very low doses of ultraviolet (UV) light inactivate Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts.

An Overview of Ozone in Water, Wastewater Treatment   Water & Wastes Digest November 2000
There are more than 2,000 installations worldwide that use ozone to treat drinking water. Ozone is an effective disinfectant for treating municipal and industrial wastewater, enabling the end user to meet EPA pre-treatment standards.

Tablet Chlorination System Provides Affordable Alternative to Liquid, Gas   Water & Wastes Digest November 2000

Choosing the Right Disinfection Technology for a Municipal Drinking Water Plant - Part 1   Water Engineering & Management November 2000   Dr. Hubert Fleming and Wayne Huebner
Managers of water treatment plants must be able to choose the right disinfection system to bring their plants into compliance with government regulations.

A New Look at Disinfection By-Products in Drinking Water   Water Engineering & Management January 2000   Taha F. Marhaba, Ph.D., P.E.

Ultraviolet Technology: The Non-Chemical Alternative for Well Water Disinfection   Water Quality Products December 1999   Scott Russell
As consumer awareness grows in regard to the quality of water consumed every day from the numerous well water systems across America, the process that is gaining the most attention is that of disinfection.

Georgia Golf Course Greens Up With Ultraviolet Disinfection   Water & Wastes Digest October 1999
The process of reusing wastewater for sprinkling at the Sugar Hill Golf Course in Gwinnett County, Georgia, was time consuming, costly and problematic. An in-line ultraviolet disinfection unit installed at the treatment plant solved the problem.

UV Disinfection 101   Water Quality Products May 1999   by Edwin L. Roberts
An overview of UV disinfection and its applications.

UV Disinfection Q&A   Water Quality Products May 1999   by Robert Voitle
Some common UV-realted questions are answered by UV Expert Bob Voitle.

Alternative Disinfection Technologies for Small Drinking Water Systems   Water Quality Products March 1999
An overview of an American Water Works Association Research Foundation project.

Strategies for Minimizing Ozonation By-Products in Drinking Water   Water Engineering & Management February 1999   Thomas Grosvenor
This paper summarizes ozonation and by-product formation chemistry as well as ways to control by-product formation.

Automated Chlor/Dechlor Control Protects Fishery, Reduces Chemical and Labor Costs   Water Engineering & Management November 1998   Doug Marks
One water reclamation plant used a high resolution redox cotroller to reduce potential harm to a nearby creek.

Purification Facilities Will Protect City's Water Supply   Water Engineering & Management September 1998
New water purification facilities constructed by J.S. Alberici Construction Co., Inc., in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, will ensure the safety of the city's water supply.

Generating Chlorine Dioxide Gas:Chlorate vs. Chlorite   Water Engineering & Management September 1998   Douglas Rittmann, P.E. and Joel Tenney
Is a new method of generating chlorine dioxide gas using sodium chlorate more effective than the typical sodium chlorite system?

Ozonation System Tested in Anticipation of Disinfection By-Product Rule   Water Engineering & Management May 1998   Aubrey LaFargue
In order to comply with more stringent government regulations, one plant converted from chlorine to ozone treatment.

Automated Chlorination System Helps Chicken Processing Plant Meet U.S.D.A. Sanitation Guidelines   Water & Wastes Digest April 1998

Creating Safer Work and Community Environments: Gaseous Chlorine to Liquid Bleach Conversions   Water Engineering & Management February 1998   David J. Applegate, P.E.
Converting from gaseous chlorine to sodium hypochlorite can save money and create a safer enviornment for workers.

A Safe Option for Disinfection: On-Site Sodium Hypochlorite Generation   Water Engineering & Management December 1997   L. Ainsworth and J. Hampton

The Effect of Nitrification on Sampling Sites   Water Engineering & Management November 1997   Shin-Ichi Tokuno and Floyd Baker
This article reports on chloramine dissipation with regard to nitrification and how it affects the CT value in plant operation

Water Disinfection Project Addresses Aral Sea Crisis   Water Engineering & Management October 1997   Jesse Wolf and Syed Mahmood
New chlorination systems may help stem the tide of disease and infant mortality brought about by the destruction of the Aral Sea.

Filter Process Removes Cryptosporidial Oocysts From Water Supplies   Water Engineering & Management August 1997   James A. Bell, P.E. and Dr. Graeme K. Pearce
A backwashable depth filter process removes and destroys these microorganisms with great efficiency.

Cryptosporidium and Giardia Inactivation Device   Water Quality Products October 1996   G. Michael Furst, Jr.
A new water disinfection system has been developed to inactivate Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in drinking water. The technology, known as the CID, inactivates these pathogenic waterborne microorganisms using enhanced ultraviolet (UV) irradiation technology without filtrate disposal, chemical addition or related hazardous by-products.

Cryptosporidium, Ozone & the POE/POU Industry   Water Quality Products November 1995   Ron Long
The challenge Cryptosporidium brings to all water professionals, whether municipal plant technicians or POE/POU industry members, is more than finding a means for treating a specific microbe.

Ozone for Water Treatment Gains Acceptance   Water Quality Products November 1995   Carl Schleicher
As consumers demand a better water supply, the use of chemicals may diminish while the use of ozone increases

Installing Advanced Disinfection Hardware Achieves Plant Upgrade   Water Engineering & Management March 1995
A case study describes a full-scale UV disinfection system.

Reduction of Chlorite Concentration in Potable Water with Ferrous Chloride   Water Engineering & Management February 1995   Anthony Tarquin, Glen Hansel, and Douglas Rittmann
Chlorite residuals in drinking water can be reduces with ferrous chloride, as testing in El Paso has shown.

DAF and Ozone Eliminate Quality Woes, Meet New Regs   Water Engineering & Management October 1994   Ian Lisk
A New York State town developed a water treatment plant which uses dissolved air flotation and ozone disinfection to ensure meeting anticipated tighter regulations.